Preface
About the Authors
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction: Race as an Uneven Road
| Defining Race, Ethnicity, and Racism |
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| Racial Classification, Citizenship, and Group Status |
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| The Uneven Road of Race: Our Framework |
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| Conclusion: The Journey Ahead |
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Part II: Historical Foundations
Chapter 2: Native Americans: The Road from Majority to Minority, 1500s–1970s
| Native Communities in North America |
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| Rising Tensions: Native Americans and the New United States, 1776–1830s |
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| U.S. Federal Policy Erodes Indian Rights, 1830s |
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| The Civil War and Its Aftermath: Slaveholding and the Fourteenth Amendment |
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| U.S. Federal Policy: Assimilation versus Culture and Sovereignty, 1870s–1950s |
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| Termination of Federal Support of Tribes, 1945–1950s |
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| Civil Rights and Self-Determination, 1960s–1970s |
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| Conclusion: A Continuing Struggle for Equal Rights |
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Chapter 3: The African American Political Journey, 1500s–1965
| Race, Slavery, and the Origins of African Americans, 1500s–1790s |
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| The Early American Republic and Black Political Resistance, 1770s–1865 |
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| The Antebellum Black Community and Political Resistance |
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| The Civil War and Its Aftermath, 1860–1877 |
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| Black Politics in the Jim Crow Era, 1880–1940 |
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| The Second Reconstruction: Postwar and Civil Rights Movement Era, 1950s–1960s |
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| Civil Rights Demonstrations and Mass Protest in the South: The Second Major Protest Cycle, 1960–1964 |
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| Conclusion: The Road to Black Politics Up to 1965 |
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Chapter 4: The Road toward Contemporary Latino Politics, 1500s–1970s
| The Road’s Colonial Beginnings, 1493–1850 |
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| Destruction of Mexican American Politics, Late 1800s |
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| The Rebirth of Mexican American Politics, 1900–1960 |
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| From Civic Activism to Political Engagement |
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| Differing Paths: Puerto Ricans and Cubans, 1890s–1950s |
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| Civil Rights and Ethnic Nationalism in Latino Communities, 1960s–1970s |
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| Conclusion: Latinos as a Pan-Ethnic Group |
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Chapter 5: Different and Common Asian American Roads, 1800s–1960s
| The Racialization of Asian Americans |
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| European Imperialism and Asian Emigration |
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| Immigration and Economics before the Anti-Asian Zenith, Up to the 1870s |
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| Early Community Formation among Asian Americans |
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| Race, Region, and the Anti-Asian Era, 1870s–1940s |
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| Shifts and Declines in the Anti-Asian Era, 1940s–1960s |
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| Asian American Political Empowerment in the Civil Rights Era |
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| The Asian American Journey Since 1965: The Model Minority and Racial Threat Myth Today |
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| Conclusion: The Uneven Roads of Asian American Opportunity |
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Chapter 6: Whiteness and the Shifting Roads of Immigrant America, 1780s–1960s
| Who Is White? Racial Considerations at the Time of the Founding |
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| Large-Scale Immigration and Overcoming Ethnic Exclusion |
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| White Identity at the Dawn of the Civil Rights Era |
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| The State and White Advantage |
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| Conclusion: Legacies of Racial Hierarchy and the Roots of Contemporary Politics |
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Part III: Policy and Social Issues
Chapter 7: Voting Rights in American Life
| Minority Groups and Voting Rights |
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| The Civil Rights Movement as a Foundation for Voting Expansion |
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| Civil Rights and Voting Rights Legislation after 1965 |
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| Redistricting and Minority Representation |
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| The Politics behind the 2006 Early Renewal of the Voting Rights Act |
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| The Long-Term Stability of the Voting Rights Act |
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| Conclusion: The Role of Race in Contemporary Voting Rights |
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Chapter 8: Group Identity, Ideology, and Activism
| Why Group Identity, Ideology, and Activism Matter |
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| Race, Ethnicity, and Public Opinion |
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| Race, Ethnicity, and Political Ideology: The Political Impact of Racialization |
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| Activist Pathways to Empowerment |
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| The Legacy of Grassroots and Civil Rights Activism |
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| Conclusion: Mobilizing for a Changed Future |
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Chapter 9: Political Behavior and Representation: Minorities’ Growing Voice
| Why Is the Minority Vote Important? |
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| Minority Civic Engagement: Patterns in Participation |
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| Minority Ideology and Partisanship: Finding a Place in the U.S. Political System |
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| Minority Electoral Participation: Unrealized Potential to Influence Politics |
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| Representation: Electing a Voice for Minority Interests |
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| Conclusion: Have Minorities Overcome Political Exclusion? |
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Chapter 10: Education and Criminal Justice Policies: Opportunity and Alienation
| Race, Ethnicity, and Public Policy |
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| Public Education: Opportunities and Detours |
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| Race, Ethnicity, and Education Policy Outcomes |
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| The Criminal Justice System: Barriers and Roadblocks |
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| Race, Ethnicity, and Criminal Justice Policy Outcomes |
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| Conclusion: Public Policy Destinations |
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Chapter 11: Immigration Policy: The Road to Settlement and Citizenship
| Immigrant Status and Numbers |
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| Immigration Policies before 1965 |
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| The 1965 Immigration and Nationality Amendments |
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| U.S. Immigrant Incorporation Policies |
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| Immigration Policy in the 21st Century: Alternative Roads |
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| Minority Communities and Minority Coalitions in the Immigration Reform Debate |
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| Conclusion: A Turning Point for U.S. Immigration Policy |
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Chapter 12: Diasporic Politics and Foreign Affairs
| The Growing Ease of Transnational Activity |
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| The Roots of Contemporary Transnational Engagement: Family and Community Ties |
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| Transnational Activity: Beyond the Immigrant Generation |
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| U.S. Foreign Policy and Minority Communities |
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| Conclusion: The Political Value of Transnational Politics |
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Chapter 13: Beyond Race: Intersections of Race, Gender, Class, and Sexual Orientation
| The Still Uneven Roads of Race, Racism, and Ethnicity |
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| The Uneven Roads of Identity Politics |
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| Intersecting Roads: Race, Gender, Class, and Sexual Orientation |
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| Possible Responses to Uneven Roads |
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| Conclusion: Prospects for the Future |
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Index
