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Designing Social Research
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Designing Social Research
A Guide for the Bewildered



April 2011 | 224 pages | SAGE Publications Ltd
Designing Social Research aims to guide students and new researchers using everyday non-jargonised language through the jungle of setting up their own research study. Ian Greener provides readers an accessible combination of guidance on how to practically plan one's research and understand the underpinning methodological principles that should inform the decisions we make about the methods we plan to use.

This is the perfect starter book for anyone looking to design their own research project and make sense of and justify the many decisions that go into the research design process. The goal throughout is to enable students and researchers to assess the appropriateness of a range of methods and to get understanding of the strengths and limitations of different approaches to research.

Greener highlights key debates in the field - both philosophical and practical - and presents them in such a way that they remain constantly relevant to research practice of his readers. Coverage includes:

- Framing an effective research question/problem;

- Examining the jargon of social research;

- The links between theory, methodology and method;

- The role of literature reviewing in research design;

- Managing and planning the research process;

- Sampling;

- Qualitative designs;

- Quantitative designs;

- Mixed methods designs;

- Data analysis.

Designing Social Research will be ideal first reading for M-level students and undergraduates planning significant research projects for their dissertations. It will also be invaluable to first year PhD students considering how they will go about their research projects.

 
Introduction to Social Research Design - Or What Are You Talking About?
 
Introduction
 
Defining terms
 
Some general points about research questions
 
Some other general guidelines
 
Some practical examples of how questions, methods and philosophy combine
 
What's the problem, and how are you going to research it? A logic of appropriateness
 
Conclusion
 
Five things to remember about this chapter
 
Reviewing What Other People Have Said - Or How Can I Tell If Others' Research is Any Good?
 
Introduction
 
Nuts and bolts
 
The hierarchy of evidence
 
Reading efficiently and critically, and taking notes
 
So is the study any good?
 
Writing a review
 
Conclusion
 
Five things to remember about this chapter
 
Example - 'Qualitative research and the evidence base of policy'
 
Surveys and Questionnaires - Or How Can I Conduct Research With People at a Distance?
 
Introduction
 
The use of questionnaires - the best (and worst) of quantitative (and qualitative) social research
 
Surveys and questionnaires
 
Perspectives on questionnaires
 
Designing questionnaires
 
Open and closed responses
 
Getting questions really clear
 
Common response forms
 
Questionnaire design
 
Analysing and reporting questionnaire responses
 
Reflexivity and questionnaires
 
Contentious issues
 
Conclusion - working with the good and bad of questionnaires
 
Five things to remember about this chapter
 
Example - The Paradox of Choice
 
Elements of Quantitative Design: Sampling and Statistics - Or What Can I Do With Numbers?
 
Introduction
 
Numbers and their importance
 
What are numbers good for?
 
The philosophy of quantitative research
 
Sampling
 
Some issues in quantitative analysis - basic descriptive statistics
 
Conclusion
 
Five things to remember about this chapter
 
Example - Super Crunchers
 
Ethnography as a Research Approach - Or What Do I Gain from Watching People and Talking to Them?
 
Introduction
 
What is ethnography?
 
When would I want to use an ethnography?
 
What does it mean to conduct an ethnography?
 
Philosophical debates around ethnography
 
What do the differences in approach mean for the resulting ethnography?
 
What kind of research does an ethnographic research project produce?
 
How can you increase the chance of doing good ethnographic research?
 
Conclusion - getting close or producing useless knowledge?
 
Five things to remember about this chapter
 
Example - Reading Ethnographic Research
 
Dealing with Qualitative Data - Or What Should I Do With All These Words?
 
Introduction
 
The aims of qualitative research
 
Grounded theory, coding and generalisation
 
The mechanics of grounded theory
 
Discourse analysis and its variants
 
Quantitative approaches to textual analysis
 
Analysing documents
 
What are the criteria for a good qualitative analysis?
 
Truth in social research
 
Conclusion - finding appropriate methods for dealing with your data
 
Five things to remember about this chapter
 
Example - The Body Multiple
 
Causality in your research - or how deep should ontology go?
 
Introduction
 
Ontology and depth
 
Science, method and causality
 
Constant conjunction
 
The world is flat
 
Going deeper
 
Levels of analysis
 
Conclusion - how deep do you need to go?
 
Five things to remember about this chapter
 
Example - Rogue Traders and financial losses
 
Dealing With Time and Control - Or What Time Period Suits My Research, and How Do I Stop the World from Interfering in It?
 
Introduction
 
How does Social research deal with time?
 
Phenomenology and process philosophy - researching the present
 
History and political science - researching the past
 
What time frame fits your research, and how does time affect what you can say?
 
The openness (and closedness) of systems
 
A way around the problem of the experimental method - scale and sampling
 
What are case studies for - an aid to generalisation or an analysis of power and expertise?
 
Conclusion - time and control in social research
 
Five things to remember about this chapter
 
Example - accounts of the financial crisis
 
Ethics - Or What Practices are Appropriate in my Research? 142
 
Introduction
 
The importance of ethics in research
 
The official line - what bodies such as the ESRC have to say
 
Questioning the official line - or is it even possible to follow all these ethical principles?
 
The importance of balance and appropriateness in ethics
 
Different perspectives on ethics
 
Conclusion - doing what's right and doing what's ethical
 
Five things to remember about this chapter
 
Example - 'Teenagers telling sectarian stories'
 
Writing Up Your Research - Or What Can I Say I've Found?
 
Introduction
 
The differences between description, analysis and argument
 
Making an argument - what have you found out?
 
The bases of good arguments
 
Supporting a conclusion
 
Other concerns with arguments
 
Deductive and inductive arguments
 
Structuring a piece of writing to bring out your argument
 
Conclusion - writing up research so that it is clear to you (and to everyone else)
 
Five things to remember about this chapter
 
Writing up reviews and putting together proposals - or can you provide some examples of all of this?
 
Introduction
 
Putting together a literature review
 
The role of the literature review
 
Doing a literature review
 
Exclusion and systematic review
 
Exclusion and realist review
 
Putting together a research proposal
 
Conclusion - the skills of being a practising researcher
 
Five things to remember about this chapter
 
Conclusion - Or Getting on with Social Research
 
Introduction
 
Others' claims as a basis for your own work
 
Defining the job at hand
 
Designing research that is appropriate for the job at hand
 
Mixing methods
 
Being careful with data and with ethics
 
Writing it all up
 
Conclusion - doing research well
 
Example - Ladbroke Grove

I often find that books aimed at social research students are equally applicable to business students and this one is no exception.

Ms Rita Walsh
School of Business, Royal Agricultural College
October 21, 2011

The book can be better in terms of defining (explaining) main concepts and giving more examples. These are essential for teaching Research Methods at undergraduate level.
However, the book can be used as a supplementary book.

Dr Ali Bilgic
Dept of International Relations, Bilkent Üniversitesi
September 13, 2011

A well structured, well written book that guides the reader and follows a logical sequence for what for many is a confusing area. This book provides a comprehensive introduction into all aspects of conducting research and would be particulary useful to the novice researcher. Unlike so many similar research guides the language is clear and plain whilst still getting the key issues across. The summing up of each chapter "5 things to remember" is particularly useful for summing up and quick reference. The text being broken up under headings into small bite size chunks makes the book particulary accessible and quick and easy to use. A long over due publication which should become very popular with research students.

Ms Eklaine Vatandoust
education, Worcester University
September 7, 2011

This book is a most welcomed addition to the wide array of books on research methods. It is very user friendly and should be an encouraging read for 'bewildered' students on undergraduate and post graduate courses who are learning about research for the first time. Students should fine the book particularly easy to read because it manages to provide complex information in accessible and easy to understand language which is concise, yet precise. I have therefore included this book on the reading list for students embarking on their social research course in the autumn. for

Dr Jean Clarke
School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University
July 27, 2011

An excellent text for the "bewildered" suitable for the undergraduate and new post graduate to give a very readable overview of research

Mrs Joanne Atkinson
Faculty of Health, Social Work & Educ, Northumbria University
July 25, 2011

Although not the simplest text for students i thought this book was a really useful resource with a depth of discussion missing in some other titles i have seen, can really see the use of this book and will be recomending to students.

Mr David Corry-Bass
CCLD / H&SC , South Leicestershire College
June 9, 2011

This is a detailed text which approaches many important areas of social research. The writing is informal and accessible with many practical pieces of advice for the novice researcher. The five things to remember at the end of each chapter pull the chapter's content together and more easily enables students to dip into the text.

Dr Alaster Douglas
School of Education, Roehampton University
June 7, 2011

An excellent and invaluable text for both those embarking on studying research methodology and research academics.

Ms Therese Lewis
Faculty of Health, Social Work & Educ, Northumbria University
May 27, 2011

An ideal text for undergraduate student dissertation preparation. The key points at the end of each chapter appearing as 'Five things to remember about this chapter' will definitely prove to be a good source of a recap task to use by asking students to elaborate in-depth using any of the five points what they understood about the topic after reading the chapter.

Dr Davies Banda
Sports Studies, York St John University College
May 20, 2011

The title is appropriate - this is very much a 'down to earth' text which endeavours to bridge the gap between 'theory' and 'potential reality'.

Mrs Hazel Beadle
CPD, Chichester University
May 11, 2011
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